OHIO's CAPITOLS [figure] COMPILED BY WORKERS OF THE WRITERS' PROGRAM OF THE WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION IN THE STATE OF OHIO SPONSORED BY J0HN E. SWEENEY SECRETARY OF STATE DEPARTMENT OF STATE [figure STATE OF OHIO] JOHN E. SWEENEY SECRETARY OF STATE COLUMBUS My Fellow Citizens: Few of us, busy as we are with the affairs of every­day life, ponder sufficiently our heritage of free govern­ment. Too often we take it for granted - we do not evaluate it; in consequence, only rarely do we experience the surge of gratitude and pride that such evaluation brings. Now, with even the vestiges of free government slip­ping from the grasp of countless millions, with our own people facing perhaps their greatest struggle for self-government, we need more than ever to realize what we have and what we must hold. Therefore, as Secretary of State of Ohio, I have directed that this little book, which employs the story of our capitols as a symbol of sovereign self-rule, be provided. I think its implications are deeply significant to every Ohioan. To the Ohio Writers' Project, which prepared the book, I express my thanks for a job well done. Cordially yours, [figure signature John E. Sweeney] October 1, 1941 OHIO'S CAPITOLS PREFATORY NOTE: Since the time it was made a State in 1803. Ohio has had four official Statehouses - one at Chillicothe, one at Zanesville, and two at Columbus; and at various times the early legislators met in public halls, private homes, and taverns to enact laws. In this booklet, the Ohio Writers' Project gives the historical background of the State capitols; describes them thoroughly, along with other State buildings; relates some of the early history of the capital cities; sets down the origin of the State seal, flower, bird, and flag; and includes lists of all Ohio Governors and Secretaries of State, to­gether with the years in which they held office. The text and art work were executed by workers under the supervision of Emerson Hansel. The project acknowledges gratefully the assistance of John E. Sweeney, Secre­tary of State, in determining the contents and in making the publication possible. HARRY GRAFF, State Supervisor Ohio Writers' Project Sponsored by John E. Sweeney, Secretary of State .... The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus, Statewide sponsor of the Ohio Writers' Project .... FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY: John M. Carmody, Administrator; WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION Howard O. Hunter, Commissioner; Florence Kerr, Assistant Commissioner; Carl Watson, State Administrator .... OHIO'S CAPITOLS When Ohio was part of the Northwest Territory, the capital of the territory was established wherever the Territorial Governor and three judges convened. In July, 1788, Arthur St. Clair, the first governor, came to Marietta and there instituted the first government under the Ordinance of 1787. Soon Columbia-Losantiville (Cincinnati). Belpre, Gallipolis, and North Bend were established along the Ohio River. In 1790, Gover­nor St. Clair made his headquarters at Cincinnati, which thereby was regarded as the capital of the Territory. Since the rivers were the only highways, the scattered "legislature" of four often found it difficult and perilous to convene. In 1789 Judge Parsons was drowned while on the Big Beaver; and in 1793-5, when the pioneers were fighting the Indians, it took 20 months to begin a three-man session. It was just befare this time that Generals Harmar and St. Clair were defeoted by the Indians. In 1794, however, an army under "Mad Anthony" Wayne achieved a decisive victory at Fallen Timbers--which opened the Territory to settlement. In 1798 the Territory had 5,000 male white inhabitants, and Congress gave it per­mission to elect a legislature. The next year, the 22 representatives-elect and the presiding Governor St. Clair met in Yeatman's Tavern in Cincinnati. By the September session, when William Henry Harrison was elected "First Territorial Delegate to Congress," a new two-story frame building, on Main Street above Front Street, was the seat of the legislature. * CHILLICOTHE Before the next session, Congress divided the Territory, designating Chillicothe as copital of the "eastern part." Here the legislature convened in November, 1800. Sole meeting place of the four-year-old village was Abrams' Big House, a two-story log cabin with a clapboord annex. The main floor, where the legislature met, was the Athenaeum, used for singing schools, dances, and Presbyterian services; the upper floar was a barroom. Chief duty of the sergeant-at-arms was to keep enough members downstoirs to constitute a quorum. That same year a statehouse was begun at Chillicothe. It was built of freestone taken from neighboring hills, and when completed stood four-square ond solid, about 45 feet to each side, with its two stories surmounted and dignified by a hipped roof and cupola. * STATE OF OHIO In 1802 there was a population of more thon 45,000 in the eastern division of the Territory, and Congress authorized an election of delegates to draw up a State consti­tution. Thirty-five delegates met in the statehouse in Chillicothe on November 4, and here in 25 days the constitution of the new State was deliberated and written. The new constitution provided that Chillicothe remain the capital until 1808, when the legislature was free to determine the permanent site. A central location was desired, and nearly every town in central Ohio, including some communities that no longer exist, strove to become the capital. * ZANESVILLE When the people of Muskingum County erected a building for the State government in 1809, the legislature compromised on Zanesville as the temporary capitol; it placated other communities by appointing a commission to locate the permanent capitol "not more than 40 miles from the common center of the State." Zanesville and Chillicothe were just outside the pole of this area. Zanesville become the temporary capitol in 1809. Although the new building, "Old 1809," was completed, some sessions of the legislature (November 3 to December 3) met in the Robbins House, 113 Jefferson Street, Putnam, now part of Zanesville. The statehouse at Zanesville was built of brick, with stone trim, after the design of Independence Hall. Like the Chillicothe structure, it had a truncated, cupola-topped roof. The senate met on the second floor and the house of representatives on the first. But not for long, for in 1812 the capitol was shuttled bock to Chillicothe. [figure OHIO'S FIRST CAPITOL] * COLUMBUS When the news filtered through the wilderness that the legislature intended to locate Ohio's capitol more centrally, nearly all the mid-Ohio settlements developed a desire to be the chosen site. The committee named in 1809 by the legislature to select a site was beleogured, cajoled, and harassed. Form settlers looked over their stumpy fields, and envisioned a majestic capitol city arising upon them. Some mounted horses and come to Chillicothe to promote their sites. Among the sites submitted were Worthington, Lancaster, Newark, Mt. Vernon, Delaware, Dublin, Pickaway Plains, and on area across the Scioto River from Franklinton. The syndicate of James Johnston, John Kerr, Alexander McLaughiin, and Lyne Starling in February 1812 offered to layout a town on the east bank of the Scioto River opposite Franklinton, convey to the State two tracts of 10 acres each for a statehouse and for a penitentiary, erect thereon State buildings to the value of $50,000, and have them ready for use by December 1, 1817. The legislature accepted this offer. On February 14 it voted that, after December 1, 1817, the capitol should be on "the high bank of the Scioto." There were those who intimated that the syndicate won at the expense of Dublin, first choice of the committee. According to one account, a Dublin proponent lost the favored position in a cord game the night before the legislature was to pass on the com­mittee's recommendation. The new capitol site was heavily forested; it did not even possess a name. Many names were suggested, with "Ohio City" the favorite; but on February 21 the general assembly resolved that the future capitol be "known and distinguished by the nome of Columbus." A town plan was drown up at once; and surveyors went through the woods, staking out High and Broad Streets and the 10-acre capitol square. The first sale of lots was advertised for June 18, 1812--which turned out to be the day Congress declared war on Great Britain. The new capitol at Columbus was built at the southwest corner of the square at State and High Streets, about 30 feet from the stree't, with its length facing High Street and the main entrance on State Street. It was of brick, with a cut-stone founda­tion and a bond of stone at the first story. Like the structures at Chillicothe and Zanes­ville, the new capitol hod a truncated hip roof, with a cupola, in which was a bell , pur­chased in 1817 by Governor Worthington "for the use of the legislature." Encircling the cupola at its juncture with the roof was a balcony that commanded a vista of forest and rivers. A weather vane, which reached to a height of 106 feet from the ground, topped the cupola. The front door of the statehouse opened on a vestibule leading to the hall of representatives, which hod two committee rooms and a gallery. From the vestibule one stairway led to the gallery and one to the senate chamber, which hod two committee rooms but no gallery. The State office building, a long, two-story brick structure, 25 by 125 feet, stood 50 feet north of the statehouse. It held the offices of the secretory of state, auditor, and treasurer. In a room over the auditor's office were installed the first books of the State library, purchased by Governor Worthington in Philadelphia in 1817. From a window of this room the librarian, Z. Mills, so,,' the first stone for the new statehouse hauled into the grounds May 16, 1838, and wrote a memorandum that is the only record of the event. The library was open only to State officials. The State offices were removed from Chillicothe to Columbus on October 1, 1816; in December the leg islature convened in the new capitol. * THE NEW STATEHOUSE The new State structures, ample and commodious though they seemed at first, were soon outgrown. On January 26, 1838, the legislature passed on act "providing for the erection of the new statehouse." A building commission was appointed, consisting of W. A. Adorns of Muskingum County, W. B. VanHook of Butler County, and Joseph Ridgway, Jr. of Franklin County. At its first meeting, in the spring of 1838, the committee decided on native stone as the material and cotracted with William Sullivant, who had a quarry on the west bank of the Scioto, about three miles from the square. After considering designs submitted in competition by more than 50 leading archi­tects of the country, the commissioners mode a tour of Eastern cities, inspecting public buildings. Finally a composite plan, embodying the best features of the designs submitted, was adopted. The plan called for adherence to the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns. Cincinnati's Henry Walter, second in the competition, was appointed architect. The estimate mode was that the 184-by-304-foot structure would cost $400,000 ond toke 6 years to build. It was in tended to use convict labor at 40 cents a day, but circum­stances, such as the urgent need for other public buildings and the cholera epidemic that reduced the prison population, required partial employment of hired labor. Trouble soon developed. At one time, the hired workers went out on strike, refusing to work with prison laborers. Completion of the new statehouse took considerable time. Four boards of commis­sioners and five architects, under two State constitutions and 12 governors, figured in the long era of construction. But except for a few minor changes, notably the elimination of columns around the cupola, the original plan was followed throughout. Actual construction began in the spring of 1839. An excavation was mode and footings were laid to a depth of 6 to 10 feet. Foundation walls 12 feet thick (15 feet at the corners) were put down. Present-day workmen who have hod occasion to cut through the walls agree that the men of 1839 were truthful when they reported that they were erecting "no temporary building." The cornerstone was laid at the northeast corner July 4, 1839, by ex-Governor Jere­miah Morrow. Beneath the stone, hermetically sealed glass jars contain articles selected to show some future age a true picture of Ohio culture in 1839 A. D. By late fall the foundation walls were at the level of the ground, and plans were made to proceed vigorously the following year. But in February, 1840, the legislature suddenly repealed the act that provided for the erection of the statehouse. For six years the work was at a standstill, while legislators wrangled over proposals to establish the capital elsewhere. In 1846 construction was resumed, but small appropriations and the scarcity of prison labor precluded much progress. In 1848 William R. West was appointed architect, with Jacob Stickler as assistant. The legislature helped with larger appropriations, and from this time on the work proceeded rapidly. Steam-operated machinery was installed at both the yard and the quarry in 1849-50 and a railroad was built to transport the heavy stones (some weighing 10 to 12 tons each) from the quarry to the site. The old statehouse burned in 1852, and the legislature, forced to temporary quarters in Ambos and Odeon Halls (on the west side of High Street between State Street and the Neil House), was spurred to make more liberal appropriations. About 100 convict and 135 hired stonecutters were employed at the building, and about 100 convicts at the quarry. All stonework except the cupola was finished in 1854. Architect West resigned because of friction with the superintendent, and N. B. Kelly was appointed architect and superintendent. The roof of copper and iron was laid in the winter of 1854-5. Early in 1856, the fourth and final board of commissioners was appointed, and Thomas U. Walter, designer of the National Capitol at Washington, D. C., and Richard Upjohn, designer of Trinity Church in New York City, were appointed consulting architects. Their report dealt chiefly with the heating system, the interior decoration, and the cupola. By the end of 1856 the legislative halls were finished, and on January 7, 1857, the legislature began its sessions in the new capitol. But four more years were needed to complete the building. Architect Isaish Rogers was appointed in 1858 to work out same details of the interior finish; design the steps, terraces, and approaches; and grade the yard. His masterpiece was the tiling of the rotunda floor; the actual creator of the design is not known. On November 15, 1861, the statehouse was declared officially completed. It had been 22 years in building--15 years in actual construction. The total cost was $1,644,000. A grand dinner, at which fabulous quantities of oysters were consumed, and a celebra­tion attended the opening; the dome was "brilliantly illuminated" for the occasion. The new statehouse was hailed as the largest and most splendid of State capitols. However, before the century was out, it was apparent that the statehouse had to be enlarged or supplemented. In 1899-1901 the Judiciary Annex was constructed at a cost of $450,000. Its exterior lines are like those of the capitol, but the flamboyant interior is totally unlike that of the parent structure. The annex houses the Ohio Supreme Court, the library, the offices of the attorney general, the bureau of water conservation, and the insurance department. * OHIO CAPITOL The statehouse is considered "one of the purest examples of the Doric in the United States." At its main entrance on the west are 8 great columns, 36 feet high and 6 feet, 2 inches in diameter; 4 columns outline the entrances on the north and south. The east entrance is similar to the main west entrance, but the proximity of the annex destroys some of the effectiveness. Overhead is the cupola, whose flat top is 158 feet from the ground. The foyers of these four entrances converge at the center of the building on an elevated rotunda floor, 65 feet, 5 inches in diameter. About 120 feet overhead is the great dome. Its centerpiece, in illuminated art glass, is the great seal of Ohio. Filtered overhead light and subdued artificial lights cloak the rotunda with shadows and a quiet dignity. The inlaid marble floor of the rotunda contains 4,892 blocks of marble. In its center are 13 vari-colored marble blocks, each symbolical of one of the original States. These are surrounded by three circles and a sunburst of 32 points, one for each State at the time the marble was laid. The first circle represents the unorganized territory, at [figure * DEPARTMENTS OF STATE BUILDING *] [figure * THE CAPITOL AT COLUMBUS *] [figure * OHIO SUPREME COURT *] JUDGE EDWARD S. MATTHIAS JUDGE EDWARD C. TURNER CHIEF JUSTICE CARL V. WEYGANDT JUDGE ROY H. WILLIAMS JUDGE WILLIAM L. HART JUDGE CHARLES B. ZIMMERMAN JUDGE GILBERT BETTMAN [figure * HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES *] [figure THE CAPITOL AT ZANESVILLE] the time the Union wos formed; the second, the Louisiana Purchase; the third, the territory acquired in the war with Mexico; and the fourth, encompassing the sunburst, the Constitution binding the States together. The rotunda floor has known the tread of many famous people. The "Illinois rail splitter" strode across it to the east terrace (site of the present annex) to address a great throng in 1859; he spoke again (this time from the west terrace) in 1861 as Presi­dent-elect on his way to the inaugural. During the Civil War, Union soldiers bivouacked here overnight. On April 29, 1865, Lincoln lay in state on the rotunda floor; more than a hundred thousand people filed post the black catafalque. Few other State capitols have cradled the careers of so many of the Notion's political giants; the roster includes the names of Presidents Garfield, Hayes, Grant, McKinley, Toft, and Harding. Directly opposite the main entrance is William H. Powell's canvas, Perry's Victory, unveiled in 1865. (A copy of this picture was later placed in the National Capitol.) A pointing of Ohio's "Fighting McCooks" hangs in the west gallery. Between the rotunda arches in recesses are murals by William Mark Young symbolizing fundamental provisions of the Ordinance of 1787-Freedom of Religion, Right of Habeas Corpus and Trial by Jury, Slavery Forbidden, and Abolition of Entail. Flanking the double stairways that lead from the rotunda to the upper chambers, eight other murals by Young symbolize the mony facets of Ohio industry, from the "Pioneer's Dream" to the time of "Electricity." At the arches are metal tablets dedicated to the Andrew Raiders, Civil War soldiers and sailors of Ohio, and military men of the more recent wars. A tablet also honors famous women of the feminist movement, and another commemorates the sesqui­centennial of the Northwest Territory. Battle flags of Ohio soldiers in four wars are in display cases that encircle the rotunda walls. Among the 531 emblems are flags of the Mexican, Civil, Spanish-American, and World Wars. The main north and south foyers are 24 feet wide and have marble-tiled floors and groined ceilings. Offices of the governor and the secretory of state flank the north foyer; those of the auditor and treasurer, the south foyers. On the foyer walls and in the anterooms of the governor and of the secretory of state are canvasses of Ohio's governors. The main north and south stairways lead from the rotunda floor to the upper foyers of the legislative chambers. The hall of representatives occupies the southeast quarter of the second floor, with offices and committee rooms in the southwest quarter. The columns are of Pennsyl­vania marble; the desks of the speaker and the clerk, of white Italian marble. In a cabinet just left of the entrance is a gavel of wood from the Washington Elm. The room has a gallery on three sides. In the northeast quarter is the senate chamber; its columns and desks are similar to those in the House of Representatives. Elevated tiers of seats on two sides accommodate sightseers. The Lincoln Memorial, in the foyer outside the senate chamber, consists of a fine Carrara-marble bust of the Emancipator, the Vicksburg panel, and a marble panel bearing an excerpt from Lincoln's second inaugural address. T. D. Jones, Granville's famous sculptor, executed the group. The northwest quarter, once occupied by the State library, in 1934 was remodeled into offices of the lieutenant-governor and, of the senate, committee rooms, and the legislative library. The third floor is given over to offices and meeting rooms. The basement may be reached through a door at the foot of the stairway in the north foyer. Four southwest rooms were formerly used as stables, but now these and other basement rooms contain State files. The spiral stone stairway (242 steps) that leads to the top of the dome is entered by going east from the rotunda to the second floor, then to the left through a narrow passage. Since the World War it has been condemned as unsafe and is closed to the public. * THREE CAPITOLS Various' fates have befallen the three old Ohio statehouses. The first, at Chillicothe, became the Ross County Courthouse after the capital was moved to Columbus. Soon it was considered too small even for this purpose, and in 1852 was torn down. With the addition of wings, "Old 1809" at Zanesville also served as a courthouse until reploced in 1874. The third capitol, at Columbus, was destroyed by fire in 1852. Although some records were burned, the chief loss seems to have been the bell, which broke when the cupola crashed through the flames. Small souvenir bells were cast from fragments of the large bell. * STATE OFFICE BUILDING The State constitution provides that all elective officers of the State must be located in the statehouse. The departments of public works, education, highways, welfare; reg­ulatory commissions; and the Ohio State Library are housed a block west of the old capi­tol in the new Departments of State Building, which stands in an impressive landscaped setting on the east bank of the Scioto River. This 14-story neo-classic building of Georgia marble was erected in 1931-3 to provide centralized space for crowded State offices occu­pying rented quarters. In April 1932, while the building was under construction, a terrific explosion took the lives of nine workmen, injured others, and caused damages estimated at $750,000. Total cost of the building was $6,538,000. [figure THE OLD CAPITOL AT COLUMBUS] STATE SEAL One night in the spring of 1803, at Adena, a mansion in Chil- licothe, a group of men pored over official papers and discussed the affairs of the newly formed State of Ohio. The group dispersed, but Governor Edward Tiffin, Secretary of State William Creighton, and United States Senator Thomas Worthington, the host, lingered under the spell of the evening's talk. About sunrise, they, too, began to part. As they were walking south of the house over the dewy greensward, they saw the morning sun between the hills of the Mount Logan range. Awestruck, they stopped to admire the scene. Creighton was the first to speak, saying, "Gentlemen, the rising sun of the new State!" Everyone was profoundly moved, and it was suggested that the scene should be incorporated in the design for the State seal. Creighton himself drew the seal. Each item of his sketch had symbolical content: the rising sun denoted a new day for the common man under the Ordinance of 1787; the hill symbolized the grandeur of the natural scene and the protective strength of the young commonwealth; the wheat shock and field told of rewarded industry in a fertile land; and the 17 banded arrows denoted the unity among Ohio, the seventeenth State, and the other States. The first provision for use of the seal is found in the first State constitution. An act of March 25, 1803, described the device for the seal: "On the right side, near the bottom, a sheaf of wheat, and on the left a bundle of seventeen arrows, both standing erect, in the background, and rising above the sheaf and arrows a mountain, over which shall appear a rising sun. The seal to be surrounded by these words, 'The Great Seal of the State of Ohio.' " Thereafter, various adventures overtook the seal. Bad punctuation of an 1805 amend­ment, together with an engraver's whimsy, placed the wheat and arrows in the background and multiplied the one hill by three. Subsequently, a river and broadhorn boats were added to the already crowded insignia. The original act was repealed in 1831; thereafter, until 1866, the seals used were unofficial. Through the antebellum and Civil War years the river boats became canal boats, and by 1860 the figure included a river and a boat, three wheat shocks, rugged mountains, and an immense sun; a dense forest was reflected in the river and, apparently as a zestful afterthought, a whisky barrel floated on its surface, with a derby-hatted individual stiffly seated on the boat roof. Later, the motto, Imperium in Imperio (realm within a realm), was inscribed on the seal. A State seal was again officially adopted by an act of April 6, 1866. But it was so complicated by symbols of the many aspects of the State, that in 1868 t he act was repealed and the original seal of 1803 re-adopted; a minor revision replaced the original hill , with a range of three. This seal has descended to the present day and is on the stamp that gives authority to State documents. [figure THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF OHIO] * STATE FLOWER Selection of the scarlet carnation as Ohio's official flower was inspired by a sentiment; an excerpt from the adopting resolution passed by the General Assembly in 1904 reads: [figure of carnation] Events always have their immedi­ate cause, and that which imme­diately leads to the adoption of this flower as our state emblem was the love for it by our la­mented McKinley. To him it was a daily campdnion.. . . Then for its beauty, its fragrance and its fitness, let it be adopted as the state flower of Ohio; and let the action of its adoption be to the memory of William McKinley. May the scarlet carnation as our state flower emulate us all to deeds that will represent the good that is within us. * STATE BIRD The cardinal, strong-voiced songster of pronounced red plumage and high crest, was adopted as the official Ohio bird by the General Assembly in 1933; the adopting resolution reads, in part: [figure of cardinal] The bird cardinalis cardinal is, com­monly known as the 'cardinal', is designated, and shall be known, as the official state bird of the State of Ohio. * STATE FLAG Ohio's official flag, adopted by the General Assembly in 1902, is pennant-shaped and has three red and two white horizontal stripes. At its staff end, in a blue triangular field whose apex is at the center of the middle red stripe, are 17 white, five-pointed stars, grouped around a red disc superimposed upon a white circular O. John Eisemann, designer of the flag, explained its symbolism as follows: The triangles formed by the main lines of the flag represent the hills and valleys, as typified in the State Seal, and the stripes the roads and waterways. The stars, indicating the thirteen original states of the Union, are grouped about the circle which represents the Northwest Territory, and that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted into the Union is shown by adding four more stars. The white circle with its red center, not only represents the initial letter of Ohio, but is suggestive of its being the 'Buckeye State'. GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF OHIO ARTHUR ST. CLAIR 1788-1802 CHARLES ANDERSON 1865-1866 CHARLES W. BYRD 1802-1803 JACOB DOLSON COX 1866-1868 EDWARD TIFFIN 1803-1807 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES 1868-1872 THOMAS KIRKER 1807-1808 EDWARD F. NOYES 1872-1874 SAMUEL HUNTINGTON 1808-1810 WILLIAM ALLEN 1874-1876 RETURN JONATHAN MEIGS 1810-1814 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES 1876-1877 OTHNEIL LOOKER 1814-1814 THOMAS L. YOUNG 1877-1878 THOMAS WORTHINGTON 1814-1818 RICHARD M. BISHOP 1878-1880 ETHAN ALLEN BROWN 1818-1822 CHARLES FOSTER 1880-1884 ALLEN TRIMBLE 1822-1822 GEORGE HOADLY 1884-1886 JEREMIAH MORROW 1822-1826 JOSEPH B. FORAKER 1886-1890 ALLEN TRIMBLE 1826-1830 JAMES E. CAMPBELL 1890-1892 DUNCAN McARTHUR 1830-1832 WILLIAM McKINLEY, JR. 1892-1896 ROBERT LUCAS 1832-1836 ASA S. BUSHNELL 1896-1900 JOSEPH VANCE 1836-1838 GEORGE K. NASH 1900-1904 WILSON SHANNON 1838-1840 MYRON T. HERRICK 1904-1906 THOMAS CORWIN 1840-1842 JOHN M. PATTISON 1906-1906 WILSON SHANNON 1842-1844 ANDREW L. HARRIS 1906-1909 THOMAS W. BARTLEY 1844-1844 JUDSON HARMON 1909-1913 MORDECAI BARTLEY 1844-1846 JAMES M. COX 1913-1915 WILLIAM BEBB 1846-1849 FRANK B. WILLIS 1915-1917 SEABURY FORD 1849-1850 JAMES M. COX 1917-1921 REUBEN WOOD 1850-1853 HARRY L. DAVIS 1921-1923 WILLIAM MEDILL 1853-1856 VIC DONAHEY 1923-1929 SALMON P. CHASE 1856-1860 MYERS Y. COOPER 1929-1931 WILLIAM DENNISON, JR 1860-1862 GEORGE WHITE 1931-1935 DAVID TOD 1862-1864 MARTIN L. DAVEY 1935-1939 JOHN BROUGH 1864-1865 JOHN W. BRICKER 1939- ­ SECRETARIES OF STATE OF THE STATE OF OHIO WINTHROP SARGENT 1788-1798 WILLIAM BELL JR. 1875-1877 WM. HENRY HARRISON 1798-1799 MILTON BARNES 1877-1881 CHARLES WILLING BYRD 1799-1803 CHARLES TOWNSEND 1881-1883 WM. CREIGHTON JR. 1803-1808 JAMES W. NEWMAN 1883-1885 JEREMIAH McLENE 1808-1831 JAMES S. ROBINSON 1885-1889 MOSES H. KIRBY 1831-1835 DANIEL J. RYAN 1889-1891 BENJAMIN B. HINKSON 1835-1836 CHRISTIAN L. POORMAN 1891-1893 CARTER B. HARLAN 1836-1840 SAMUEL M. TAYLOR 1893-1897 WILLIAM TREVITT 1840-1841 CHARLES KINNEY 1897-1901 JOHN SLOANE 1841-1844­ LEWIS C. LAYLIN 1901-1907 SAMUEL GALLOWAY 1844-1850 CARMI THOMPSON 1907-1911 HENRY W. KING 1850-1852 CHARLES H. GRAVES 1911-1915 WILLIAM TREVITT 1852-1856 C. Q. HILDEBRANDT 1915-1917 JAMES H. BAKER 1856-1858 WILLIAM D. FULTON 1917-1919 ADDISON P. RUSSELL 1858-1862 HARVEY C. SMITH 1919-1923 BENJAMIN R. COWEN 1862-1862 THAD H. BROWN 1923-1927 WILSON S. KENNON 1862-1863 CLARENCE J. BROWN 1927-1933 WILLIAM W. ARMSTRONG 1863-1865 GEORGE S. MYERS 1933-1937 WILLIAM H. SMITH 1865-1868 WILLIAM J. KENNEDY 1937-1939 JOHN RUSSELL 1868-1869 EARL GRIFFITH 1939-1940 ISAAC R. SHERWOOD 1869-1873 GEORGE M. NEFFNER 1940-1941 ALLEN T. WIKOFF 1873-1875 JOHN E. SWEENEY 1941- [figure of OHIO STATE FLAG]